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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Formfaktor (Physik)</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>In der <a href="Kernphysik" title="Kernphysik">Kern-</a> und <a href="Teilchenphysik" title="Teilchenphysik">Teilchenphysik</a> ist der <b>Formfaktor</b> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F}">
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<mi>F</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/545fd099af8541605f7ee55f08225526be88ce57.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.741ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Faktor im <a href="Wirkungsquerschnitt" title="Wirkungsquerschnitt">Wirkungsquerschnitt</a> bei <a href="Sto%C3%9F_(Physik)" title="Stoß (Physik)">elastischen Stößen</a>. Der Formfaktor hängt vom übertragenen <a href="Impuls" title="Impuls">Impuls</a> ab, sollte also eigentlich als Form<i>funktion</i> bezeichnet werden.
</p><p>Der Formfaktor ist die <a href="Fourier-Transformation" title="Fourier-Transformation">Fourier-Transformierte</a> der elektrischen <a href="Ladungsdichte" title="Ladungsdichte">Ladungsverteilung</a> des <a href="Target_(Physik)" title="Target (Physik)">Targets</a> (z.&nbsp;B. <a href="Atomkern" title="Atomkern">Atomkerns</a>). Das Betragsquadrat des Formfaktors ist der Quotient aus dem realen Wert des Wirkungsquerschnitts und demjenigen Wert, der sich ergeben würde, wenn das Targetteilchens (Streuzentrum) eine punktförmige Ladung wäre. Durch Messung des Wirkungsquerschnitts kann man auf den Formfaktor und dadurch auf die Ladungsverteilung des Targets rückschließen.
</p><p>Bei <a href="Tiefinelastische_Streuung" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiefinelastische Streuung">tief inelastischer Streuung</a> treten an der Stelle des Formfaktors die <a href="Strukturfunktion" title="Strukturfunktion">Strukturfunktionen</a> auf.
</p><p>Bei Streuung bzw. <a href="Beugung_(Physik)" title="Beugung (Physik)">Beugung</a> an einem <a href="Kristallgitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristallgitter">Kristallgitter</a> tritt an Stelle des Formfaktors der <a href="Strukturfaktor" title="Strukturfaktor">Strukturfaktor</a> auf.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formfaktor_bei_der_Rutherford-Streuung">Formfaktor bei der Rutherford-Streuung</h2></div>
<p>Die <a href="Rutherford-Streuung" title="Rutherford-Streuung">Rutherfordsche Streuformel</a>, die nur für die Streuung eines Teilchens an einer <a href="Punktladung" title="Punktladung">Punktladung</a> (<a href="Coulombpotential" class="mw-redirect" title="Coulombpotential">Coulombpotential</a>) gilt, lässt sich für ausgedehnte Ladungsverteilungen erweitern. Der <a href="Wirkungsquerschnitt#Differentieller_Wirkungsquerschnitt" title="Wirkungsquerschnitt">differentielle Wirkungsquerschnitt</a> sieht dann wie folgt aus
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} \sigma }{\mathrm {d} \Omega }}=\left({\frac {\mathrm {d} \sigma }{\mathrm {d} \Omega }}\right)_{\text{Coul}}\cdot |F({\vec {q}})|^{2},}">
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<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
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<mtext>Coul</mtext>
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<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
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<mi>F</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} \sigma }{\mathrm {d} \Omega }}=\left({\frac {\mathrm {d} \sigma }{\mathrm {d} \Omega }}\right)_{\text{Coul}}\cdot |F({\vec {q}})|^{2},}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/39683ca95613fd20378371e04695c8704c1ea98b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:27.278ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} \sigma }{\mathrm {d} \Omega }}=\left({\frac {\mathrm {d} \sigma }{\mathrm {d} \Omega }}\right)_{\text{Coul}}\cdot |F({\vec {q}})|^{2},}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/545fd099af8541605f7ee55f08225526be88ce57.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.741ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F}" loading="lazy"></span> der Formfaktor der Ladungsverteilung ist.
Er hängt ab vom Impulsübertrag des einfallenden Teilchens
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {q}}={\vec {p}}-{\vec {p}}\,{}^{\prime }}">
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<mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′<!-- ′ --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {q}}={\vec {p}}-{\vec {p}}\,{}^{\prime }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0438084faea4df15fa38a64a45c2cf5ae19d406e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.97ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {q}}={\vec {p}}-{\vec {p}}\,{}^{\prime }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und enthält alle Informationen über die räumliche Verteilung der Ladung im Streuzentrum.
So kann man die Messung des Wirkungsquerschnittes bestimmter Streuprozesse in Abhängigkeit vom Impulsübertrag nutzen, um durch anschließenden Vergleich mit theoretischen Modellen Aussagen über die Form des Streupotentials zu machen.
</p><p>In der <a href="Bornsche_N%C3%A4herung" title="Bornsche Näherung">Bornschen Näherung</a> (d.&nbsp;h. das <a href="Potential_(Physik)" title="Potential (Physik)">Potential</a> der Wechselwirkung ist so schwach, dass Anfangs- und Endzustand näherungsweise als <a href="Ebene_Welle" title="Ebene Welle">ebene Wellen</a> behandelt werden können) ergibt sich der Formfaktor als Fourier-Transformierte der auf die Gesamtladung normierten Ladungsverteilungsfunktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F({\vec {q}})=\int f({\vec {x}})\cdot \mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} {\vec {q}}\cdot {\vec {x}}/\hbar }\,\mathrm {d} ^{3}x\,}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
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<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
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<mo>/</mo>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F({\vec {q}})=\int f({\vec {x}})\cdot \mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} {\vec {q}}\cdot {\vec {x}}/\hbar }\,\mathrm {d} ^{3}x\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/24733f79d642dac267149cb683e1fc135c2188f7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:26.933ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F({\vec {q}})=\int f({\vec {x}})\cdot \mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} {\vec {q}}\cdot {\vec {x}}/\hbar }\,\mathrm {d} ^{3}x\,}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Die <b>Ladungsverteilungsfunktion</b> ist definiert als:
</p>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f({\vec {x}})={\frac {\rho ({\vec {x}})}{Z\cdot e}},}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mi>x</mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
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<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>e</mi>
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<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f({\vec {x}})={\frac {\rho ({\vec {x}})}{Z\cdot e}},}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/83a318c88adb0ca5f0c7595cbcaedc914eee5762.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:13.442ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f({\vec {x}})={\frac {\rho ({\vec {x}})}{Z\cdot e}},}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<p>wobei
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho ({\vec {x}})}">
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mi>x</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho ({\vec {x}})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d06bae73c7018c8d44f7ddeceebf91426efb759b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.341ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho ({\vec {x}})}" loading="lazy"></span> die statische Ladungsdichte</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Z</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1cc6b75e09a8aa3f04d8584b11db534f88fb56bd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.68ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Kernladungszahl" class="mw-redirect" title="Kernladungszahl">Kernladungszahl</a> und</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>e</mi>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cd253103f0876afc68ebead27a5aa9867d927467.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Elementarladung" title="Elementarladung">Elementarladung</a> ist;</li></ul>
<p>sie genügt der Normierungsbedingung
</p>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \int f({\vec {x}})\,\mathrm {d} ^{3}x=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \int f({\vec {x}})\,\mathrm {d} ^{3}x=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/499c609667274ae8937a8bc3d4e813b47756fd18.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:15.323ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \int f({\vec {x}})\,\mathrm {d} ^{3}x=1}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl></dd></dl>
<p>Oft hat man nur eine radiale Abhängigkeit, so dass man nicht <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F({\vec {q}})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F({\vec {q}})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7ff76028230fc9fb2fc4775eaa43734b487af41c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.859ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F({\vec {q}})}" loading="lazy"></span> sondern <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F(q^{2})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F(q^{2})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4092c2a68ec6b752a4ce9ff31d8f4653441eefa5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.684ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F(q^{2})}" loading="lazy"></span> angibt, denn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q^{2}=|{\vec {q}}|^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q^{2}=|{\vec {q}}|^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/173eda1d24cca17125977aba6b32bc689720f062.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.889ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q^{2}=|{\vec {q}}|^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> hat keine Richtungsabhängigkeit. Integriert man über die Winkelabhängigkeit, ergibt sich für den sphärisch symmetrischen Formfaktor
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F(q^{2})=4\pi \int \mathrm {d} r\,{\frac {\sin(qr/\hbar )}{qr/\hbar }}r^{2}f(r)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>r</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>q</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>q</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F(q^{2})=4\pi \int \mathrm {d} r\,{\frac {\sin(qr/\hbar )}{qr/\hbar }}r^{2}f(r)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ae56561e40ee6596c1efc0da88b555f91460f748.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:33.3ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F(q^{2})=4\pi \int \mathrm {d} r\,{\frac {\sin(qr/\hbar )}{qr/\hbar }}r^{2}f(r)}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Der Formfaktor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/545fd099af8541605f7ee55f08225526be88ce57.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.741ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F}" loading="lazy"></span> enthält die Information über die Ladungsverteilung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> und damit über die interessierende Ladungsdichte <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1f7d439671d1289b6a816e6af7a304be40608d64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.202ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho }" loading="lazy"></span>.
Er wird experimentell über die Messung von Wirkungsquerschnitten ermittelt und daraus die Ladungsverteilung bzw. Ladungsdichte errechnet.
Als Ergebnis erhält man für schwerere Kerne eine Ladungsverteilung, die im inneren Bereich nahezu konstant ist und außen über einen Bereich von 2,4 <a href="Femtometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Femtometer">fm</a> abfällt.
Bei leichten Kernen wie <a href="Helium" title="Helium"><sup>4</sup>He</a>, <a href="Lithium" title="Lithium"><sup>6</sup>Li</a> oder <a href="Beryllium" title="Beryllium"><sup>9</sup>Be</a> kann es noch nicht zur Ausbildung einer konstanten Ladungsdichte im Kerninneren kommen, hier beobachtet man eine <a href="Gau%C3%9Fkurve" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaußkurve">gaußförmige</a> Ladungsverteilung.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formfaktoren_der_Nukleonen">Formfaktoren der Nukleonen</h2></div>
<p>Bei der Ermittlung von Formfaktoren der <a href="Nukleon" title="Nukleon">Nukleonen</a> sind wesentlich kleinere Strukturen aufzulösen. Dazu benötigt man eine kleinere <a href="De-Broglie-Wellenl%C3%A4nge" class="mw-redirect" title="De-Broglie-Wellenlänge">De-Broglie-Wellenlänge</a> und somit entsprechend höhere Energien, so dass wegen nicht mehr gültiger Näherungen präzisere Rechnungen erforderlich sind. Außerdem ist die Behandlung im Gegensatz zum Abschnitt Rutherford-Streuung nun relativistisch mit <a href="Vierervektor" title="Vierervektor">Vierervektoren</a> statt Vektoren.
Zudem treten hier mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{E}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>E</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{E}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5f968277c6f07f3172ef8803e55ae6755314f8b2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.315ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{E}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{M}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>M</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{M}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8ab6ce334c0de8fb3417356ce6ed775812acea73.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.786ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{M}}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnete elektrische und magnetische Formfaktoren auf.
Für den differentiellen Wirkungsquerschnitt erhält man die auf <a href="Marshall_Rosenbluth" title="Marshall Rosenbluth">M. N. Rosenbluth</a> zurückgehende <b>Rosenbluth-Formel</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} \sigma }{\mathrm {d} \Omega }}=\left({\frac {\mathrm {d} \sigma }{\mathrm {d} \Omega }}\right)_{\text{Mott}}\cdot \left[{\frac {G_{E}^{2}(Q^{2})+\tau \cdot G_{M}^{2}(Q^{2})}{1+\tau }}+2\tau \cdot G_{M}^{2}(Q^{2})\cdot \tan ^{2}(\theta /2)\right]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>Mott</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msubsup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>E</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>M</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>M</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>tan</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} \sigma }{\mathrm {d} \Omega }}=\left({\frac {\mathrm {d} \sigma }{\mathrm {d} \Omega }}\right)_{\text{Mott}}\cdot \left[{\frac {G_{E}^{2}(Q^{2})+\tau \cdot G_{M}^{2}(Q^{2})}{1+\tau }}+2\tau \cdot G_{M}^{2}(Q^{2})\cdot \tan ^{2}(\theta /2)\right]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/85f7c4e2b29fef03ca7a22a59342c5a63c03cb9a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:72.114ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} \sigma }{\mathrm {d} \Omega }}=\left({\frac {\mathrm {d} \sigma }{\mathrm {d} \Omega }}\right)_{\text{Mott}}\cdot \left[{\frac {G_{E}^{2}(Q^{2})+\tau \cdot G_{M}^{2}(Q^{2})}{1+\tau }}+2\tau \cdot G_{M}^{2}(Q^{2})\cdot \tan ^{2}(\theta /2)\right]}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit:
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left(\mathrm {d} \sigma /\mathrm {d} \Omega \right)_{\text{Mott}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>Mott</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left(\mathrm {d} \sigma /\mathrm {d} \Omega \right)_{\text{Mott}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c12116b76f88478328c8b919605418860c18c9a1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:12.405ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left(\mathrm {d} \sigma /\mathrm {d} \Omega \right)_{\text{Mott}}}" loading="lazy"></span> der <a href="Mott-Wirkungsquerschnitt" class="mw-redirect" title="Mott-Wirkungsquerschnitt">Mott-Wirkungsquerschnitt</a></li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q^{2}=-q^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q^{2}=-q^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/784c1656ad2f4efb3233f2eab316b2bad6425e4d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.933ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q^{2}=-q^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> das negative Quadrat des übertragenen <a href="Vierervektor" title="Vierervektor">Viererimpulses</a></li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau =Q^{2}/4M^{2}c^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
<msup>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau =Q^{2}/4M^{2}c^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d0747477291938fa72e868b3cd452b6187ad9877.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.132ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau =Q^{2}/4M^{2}c^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Wahrscheinlichkeit" title="Wahrscheinlichkeit">Wahrscheinlichkeit</a> für einen <a href="Spin-Flip" title="Spin-Flip">Spin-Flip</a> bei der Streuung</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6e5ab2664b422d53eb0c7df3b87e1360d75ad9af.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta }" loading="lazy"></span> der <a href="Streuwinkel" class="mw-redirect" title="Streuwinkel">Streuwinkel</a>.</li></ul>
<p>Hat man den Wirkungsquerschnitt <i>bei festem</i> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ac3c4ab9afcb0918db444a4a76fa91c7ee4be1a4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.893ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> für mehrere Streuwinkel gemessen, so macht man einen <b>Rosenbluth-Plot</b>, bei dem <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tan ^{2}(\theta /2)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>tan</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tan ^{2}(\theta /2)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e71b0e1735d8feafac0f0d56acac801f856aa72b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.639ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tan ^{2}(\theta /2)}" loading="lazy"></span> auf der <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span>-Achse und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (d\sigma /d\Omega ):\left(\mathrm {d} \sigma /\mathrm {d} \Omega \right)_{\text{Mott}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:</mo>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>Mott</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (d\sigma /d\Omega ):\left(\mathrm {d} \sigma /\mathrm {d} \Omega \right)_{\text{Mott}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/45cc669abb8b454a4347f272bf2caa101d9a2630.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:22.753ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (d\sigma /d\Omega ):\left(\mathrm {d} \sigma /\mathrm {d} \Omega \right)_{\text{Mott}}}" loading="lazy"></span> auf der <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b8a6208ec717213d4317e666f1ae872e00620a0d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.155ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y}" loading="lazy"></span>-Achse aufgetragen werden. Die Rosenbluth-Formel ist dann von der linearen Form
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y(x)=A\cdot x+B,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y(x)=A\cdot x+B,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9bf381b8b6757ee66e7f6e842011cca4a601508e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.396ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y(x)=A\cdot x+B,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wobei sich aus der <a href="Steigung" title="Steigung">Steigung</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=2\tau \cdot G_{M}^{2}(Q^{2})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>M</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=2\tau \cdot G_{M}^{2}(Q^{2})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/475265c2a58155e88c77e91318701aa6bf1012f5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:17.373ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=2\tau \cdot G_{M}^{2}(Q^{2})}" loading="lazy"></span> und dem <a href="Y-Achsenabschnitt" title="Y-Achsenabschnitt">Achsenabschnitt</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B={\frac {G_{E}^{2}(Q^{2})+\tau \cdot G_{M}^{2}(Q^{2})}{1+\tau }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msubsup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>E</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>M</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B={\frac {G_{E}^{2}(Q^{2})+\tau \cdot G_{M}^{2}(Q^{2})}{1+\tau }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1ead1845d0253f303aa36789f44e6f5b378d3ebc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:27.924ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B={\frac {G_{E}^{2}(Q^{2})+\tau \cdot G_{M}^{2}(Q^{2})}{1+\tau }}}" loading="lazy"></span> die magnetischen und elektrischen Formfaktoren berechnen lassen:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow G_{M}(Q^{2})={\sqrt {\frac {A}{2\tau }}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">⇒<!-- ⇒ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>M</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Rightarrow G_{M}(Q^{2})={\sqrt {\frac {A}{2\tau }}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2e3265ba28fd89c769329989b9cdb040ec6346fa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:20.079ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow G_{M}(Q^{2})={\sqrt {\frac {A}{2\tau }}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow G_{E}(Q^{2})={\sqrt {B(1+\tau )-{\frac {A}{2}}}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">⇒<!-- ⇒ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>E</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>A</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Rightarrow G_{E}(Q^{2})={\sqrt {B(1+\tau )-{\frac {A}{2}}}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/59dc065ab3bc5b81715805b2b1624689ed5d0292.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:31.252ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow G_{E}(Q^{2})={\sqrt {B(1+\tau )-{\frac {A}{2}}}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die experimentellen Befunde zeigen für beide Formfaktoren einen exponentiellen Abfall, was weder zu einem punktförmigen Teilchen noch zu einer homogenen Kugel passt.
Man erhält damit einen Hinweis auf eine komplexere innere Struktur der Nukleonen.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Eine gute Übereinstimmung mit den experimentellen Daten liefert das erweiterte Vektor-Meson-Modell. Hierbei wird die Wechselwirkung sowohl als direkte Elektron-Nukleon-Wechselwirkung als auch über Vektormesonen beschrieben.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bogdan Povh, Klaus Rith, Christoph Scholz, Frank Zetsche: <i>Teilchen und Kerne</i>, 8. Auflage, Springer Verlag 2009, Kapitel 5.4: <i>Formfaktoren der Kerne</i></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. N. Rosenbluth: <i>High Energy Elastic Scattering of Electrons on Protons</i>, Phys. Rev. (1950), Band 79, Seite 615</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bogdan Povh, Klaus Rith, Christoph Scholz, Frank Zetsche: <i>Teilchen und Kerne</i>, 8. Auflage, Springer Verlag 2009, Kapitel 6.1: <i>Formfaktoren des Nukleons</i>, insbes. Seite 81</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">K. Watanabe, H. Takahashi: <cite style="font-style:italic">Vector dominance model and Gari-Kruempelmann formula for the nucleon electromagnetic form factor</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Physical Review, D (Particles Fields); (United States)</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>51:3</span>, 1.&nbsp;Februar 1995, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220556-2821%22&amp;key=cql">0556-2821</a></span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.51.1423">10.1103/PhysRevD.51.1423</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6638773-vector-dominance-model-gari-kruempelmann-formula-nucleon-electromagnetic-form-factor">osti.gov</a> [abgerufen am 27.&nbsp;Januar 2021]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Formfaktor+%28Physik%29&amp;rft.atitle=Vector+dominance+model+and+Gari-Kruempelmann+formula+for+the+nucleon+electromagnetic+form+factor&amp;rft.au=K.+Watanabe%2C+H.+Takahashi&amp;rft.date=1995-02-01&amp;rft.doi=10.1103%2FPhysRevD.51.1423&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issn=0556-2821&amp;rft.jtitle=Physical+Review%2C+D+%28Particles+Fields%29%3B+%28United+States%29&amp;rft.volume=51%3A3" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="hintergrundfarbe1 rahmenfarbe1 navigation-not-searchable normdaten-typ-s" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; clear: left; margin-bottom:1em; margin-top:1em; padding: 0.25em; overflow: hidden; word-break: break-word; word-wrap: break-word;" id="normdaten">
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Normdaten&nbsp;(Sachbegriff): <a href="Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4333385-0">4333385-0</a></span> | <a href="Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85050795">sh85050795</a></span> </div>
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